Throughout evolution, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have adapted to manipulate extracellular vesicles for intercellular communication via outer membrane vesicles in the case of Gram-negative bacteria and exosomes or ectosomes (also known as microvesicles) or in eukaryotic cells. Extracellular vesicles play multiple roles in intercellular and interspecies communication, suggesting that extracellular vesicles are NanoCosmos (http://evpedia.info). This presentation focuses on the comprehensive aspects of mammalian and bacterial exosomes including components, biogenesis, and diverse functions that should facilitate further applications, especially to develop therapeutics including our recent progress in novel exosome-mimetic technology for targeted drug and vaccine delivery platforms and for tissue regeneration. Future research and business directions of Rosetta Exosomes (http://www.rosettaexosome.com) to isolate and characterize the exosomes for basic researches and clinical applications of bacterial exosomes will be briefly introduced.
